Assessment of the physiological changes induced by sodium nitrite, annatto or mono sodium glutamate in male albino rats

Background: food additives are added to most junk and fast foods, especially those for kids. Sodium nitrite is an inorganic salt with widespread applications in the food industry as a color fixative and preservative in meat and fish. Annatto extract is a natural food color obtained from the outer coatings of the seeds of the Annatto tree [Bixa orellana L.]. Monosodium glutamate [MSG], the sodium salt of amino acid glutamate, is a food additive that popularly used all over the world as "flavor enhancer"

Aim of the work: this study was aimed to determine the hazardous effects of sodium nitrite, annatto and monosodium glutamate on some physiological parameters in male albino rats

Materials and methods: this study had been done on fourty male albino rats with an average body weight 100-145 g. The animals were divided into four groups; Group 1: control [untreated group], Group 2: sodium nitrite treated group, Group 3: annatto treated group and Group 4: monosodium glutamate treated group. Blood samples were collected, sera were separated and used for estimation of some biochemical parameters [liver enzymes, kidney functions, glucose, protein profile and lipid profile] and hormonal levels [testosterone, T3 [triiodothyronine] and T4 [thyroxine]]

Results: the biochemical results showed an increase in the activities of liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT] and alanine aminotransferase [ALAT]], and the levels of glucose, kidney functions [urea, and creatinine], lipid profile [total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein [LDL-C]] and thyroid hormones [thyroxin [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]] in all treated groups when compared to the control group. A drop in protein profile [total protein, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio], testosterone hormone and HDL level were observed in the treated groups as compared to the control rats

Conclusion: it could be concluded that some food additives like sodium nitrite, annatto, and monosodium glutamate have extreme effects on liver and kidney functions, protein and lipid profiles and also on thyroid and testosterone hormones. So, it is recommended to minimize the use of these additives to protect young children and mature people from these destructive effects

Adverse effects of two kinds of food additive mixtures [flavor enhancer, food preservative or food coloring agent] on physiological parameters in young male albino rats

Background: food additives are substances used in food industry in order to improve the food's taste, appearance by preserving its flavor and preventing it from souring. Food additives are added to the most junk and fast foods, especially food for kids

Aim of the work: this work was aimed to investigate the adverse effects of some food additives on the biochemical parameters in addition to study the side effects of these food additives in male albino rats

Materials and Methods: this study was performed on twenty four young male albino rats with an average 120-145 g body weight. Animals were divided into four groups [6 /cage]; Group I [Control untreated group], Group II [administered orally with sodium nitrite [0.1 mg/kg b.wt./day] and annatto [0.065 mg/kg b.wt./day]], Group III [administered orally with sodium nitrite [0.1 mg/kg b.wt./day] and monosodium glutamate [MSG] [15 mg/kg b.wt./day]] and Group IV [administered orally with annatto [0.065 mg/kg b.wt./day] and monosodium glutamate [15 mg/kg b.wt./day]]. Blood samples were collected on the last day of experiment, for biochemical estimations which included levels of serum glucose, total protein [TP], albumin, creatinine, urea, testosterone , thyroid hormones [T3 and T4], activities of AST and ALT in addition to lipid profile

Results: showed marked elevation in levels of fasting glucose, activities of AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG] and high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], VLDL and ratios of TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C [risk factors] as well as albumin / globulin ratio and serum thyroid hormones [T3 and T4] accompanied with marked decline in levels of serum total proteins, albumin, globulin, albumin/ creatinine ratio, testosterone and HDL-C in all treated groups in comparison to the control group. There was a significant reduction in the body weight in groups that received [NaNO2 with annatto] and [MSG with NaNO2] while treated rats with [MSG and annatto] showed a significant increase in body weight as compared to control rats

Conclusion: Due to the harmful effects of food additives, the use of these compounds must be limited as it resulted in a vehement disturbance in the biochemical and physiological parameters that was grievously pronounced on many hormones

Effects of some food additives on some biochemical parameters in young male albino rats and the ameliorative role of royal jelly

Background: the use of food additives is one of the most important problems in the human health nutrition field. Food additives are widely used for various purposes; including preservation, coloring, and sweetening, however, the physiological and biochemical changes may be produced

Aim of the work: was to investigate the protective role of royal jelly [RJ] against abnormalities in metabolic biochemical parameters that induced by these food additives in male albino rats

Materials and Methods: thirty young male albino rats with an average body weight 120-140 g were divided into three groups [10/cage]; Group I: served as normal control group, Group II: rats orally administrated with the mixture which consists of sodium nitrite [NaNO2 0.1 mg/kg b.wt./ day], annatto [0.065 mg/kg b.wt./day] and monosodium glutamate [MSG 15 mg/kg b.wt./day] and Group III: rats orally administrated with the previous mixture and then orally administrated with royal jelly [14.28 mg/kg b.wt./day soluble in maize oil]. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical estimations which including levels of serum glucose, creatinine, urea, testosterone, thyroid hormones [T3 and T4], activities of AST and ALT, total protein [TP], albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL-c] and low-density lipoprotein [LDL-c]

Results: the present study showed marked elevation in levels of fasting blood glucose, activities of AST, ALT, levels of serum urea, creatinine, TC, TG, LDL-c, VLDLand ratios of TC/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c [risk factors] as well as albumin /globulin ratio and serum thyroid hormones [T3andT4] accompanied with significant reduction in the body weight, serum total proteins, albumin, globulin, albumin/creatinine, testosterone and HDL-C concentrations in the group that administrated with the mixture which consists of [NaNO2, MSG and annatto] as compared to control rats. While administration with royal jelly significantly ameliorated the disturbed biochemical parameters and showed significant improvement in most of these parameters

Conclusion: it could be concluded that royal jelly offers a therapeutic advantage that minimizes the metabolic abnormalities and biochemical changes which induced by these food additives

Ameliorative effect of vitamin e on oxidative stress induced by bisphenol a in female albino rats

Objective: Oxidative stress is induced by bisphenol A [BPA] and affects many organs. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant which prevents the activity of free radicals. This study was aimed to clarify the effect of vitamin E on the oxidative stress induced by chronic administration of BPA

Materials and methods: 30 female albino rats were divided into 3 groups [10/each]; group1: control rats, group 2: rats treated with bisphenol A [20 mg/ kg.B.wt] for three months, and group 3: rats treated with bisphenol A [20 mg/kg.B.wt] for three months, then treated with BPA and vitamin E [0.57/100 g B.wt] for other 15 days

Results: BPA induced hormonal disrupt in liver and kidney dysfunctions and hyperlipidemia. Vitamin E ameliorated all these parameters

Conclusion: since we exposed to many harmful disruptions and oxidative stress compounds, we must take vitamin E as a protective agent

Effect of Bisphenol A on the first generation of female rats from both parents treated with the same Xenoestrogen

Background: Bisphenol A [BPA] is a worldwide used endocrine disruptor that is incorporated in many plastic industries. The exposure of human to such substances starts early during the fetal life, postnatal life and extends throughout the life of the individual. Many agencies raised warnings against the excessive use of such substances. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the extent to which BPA can affect the first generation [of parents treated with the same compound, during pregnancy and lactation], which treated with the same compound during their life time

Materials and Methods: Group 1: 15 control female rats. Group 2: 15 female rats of the first generation treated with BPA [20mg/kg b.wt] for one month. Sexual hormones, liver and kidney functions were measured

Results: BPA induced increase in breast and ovarian tumor markers. It also showed significant increase in estrogen, FSH, prolactin, and progesterone. It is also increased liver function, kidney function, lipid profile. In the same time it leads to decrease in LH, HDL, and protein levels

Conclusion: BPA induced toxicity, which is mediated by oxidative stress. This study ringing the bells of danger for using such compounds

Anticancer potential of bee venom and propolis combined treatment on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line [MCF-7]

Backgrounds: Natural remedies were used for cancer treatments, particular breast cancer. Also, the consumption of food products containing high amount of flavonoids and antioxidants had reported to lower the risk of various cancers. Bee venom [BV] and propolis were produced by honey bee. They were characterized by naturopathic formulation, affordability and containing high amount of antioxidants. Moreover, they were used safely since ancient times globally. Although that, there is no information about the synergistic or antagonistic anticancer effects of their combination. This study was designed to evaluate cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of BV, propolis, and their combination on breast cancer [MCF-7] cells

Materials and Methods: As preliminary study, MCF-7 cells were treated with BV [5, 10, and 20micro g/ml] and propolis [50, 150, and 450micro g/ml] to specify the desired combination doses of each treatment with no anticancer effect individually. Consequently, doses of [5micro g/ml BV+ 50micro g/ml propolis and 5micro g/ml BV+ 150micro g/ml propolis] were chosen to evaluate the possible synergistic anticancer potential between them. All groups in this study were examined at 2, 4, and 12 hours intervals. The morphological changes were evaluated by acridine orange/ ethidium bromide dual fluorescent staining and Giemsa staining to reveal the formation of apoptotic bodies or nuclear condensation and cytoplasmic blebbing, respectively. DNA fragmentation assay was also carried out to record the reduction in DNA content and apoptosis. Bcl-2 expression, cytoplasmic anti-apoptotic marker, was used to prove the apoptotic properties, and autophagic cell death by florescent microscopy was evaluated also

Results: Morphological observation by inverted and florescent microscopy revealed apoptotic cell death under exposure to BV [10 and 20micro g/ml] and propolis [450micro g/ml]. On the other hand, the results of combined treatments revealed significant morphological alterations after fluorescent and Giemsa staining. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was clearly observed and Bcl-2 recoded significant down regulation which proved the apoptotic properties of combined treatments. Additionally, autophagic degradation results also supported the occurrence of stress on treated cells leading finally to cell death. All results of powerful anticancer potential were obvious among all combined-treated groups in dose and time dependent manner. This clear that, the combined treatments have possible synergistic effect which, propose it as potential candidates to be used in development of chemotherapy

Effects of recovery period and stem cell enhancer on bisphenol a treated female albino rats

Background: Bisphenol A [BPA] is a worldwide used endocrine disruptor that is incorporated in many plastic industries. Exposure of humans to such substance starts early during the fetal life, postnatal life, and extends throughout the life of the individual. Many agencies raised warnings against excessive use of such substance

Aim of the work: This study aimed to investigate effects of the recovery period [RP] and stem cell enhancer [SCE] on the female albino rats which received BPA

Materials and Methods: This study was performed on forty female albino rats with an average body weight of 140-160 grams. Animals were divided into four groups [10 rats per cage]; group I [control untreated for 30 days], group II [BPA treated for 15 days, and then sacrificed], group III [BPA treated first for 15 days, then left for another 15 days without any treatment "RP"], and group IV [BPA treated first for 15 days, then treated with SCE for another 15 days]. The following biochemical analyses were done to all groups; ALT [alanine amino-transferase], AST [aspartate amino-transferase], GGT [gamma glutamyl-transferase], total proteins, albumin, globulins, A/G ratio [i.e., liver function tests], creatinine, A/C [albumin/creatinine] ratio, uric acid [i.e., renal function tests], total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-C [low density lipoprotein cholesterol], HDL-C [high density lipoprotein cholesterol], and triglycerides [i.e., lipids profile]

Results: In the BPA treated rats [group II] the biochemical results showed highly significant increases [P<0.01] in the enzymatic activities of ALT, AST, GGT, creatinine, uric acid, total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides levels, with only a significant increase [P<0.05] in globulins levels when compared to the control group. On the other hand, there was highly significant decreases [P<0.01] in total proteins, albumin, A/G ratio, A/C ratio, and HDL-C levels when compared to the control group. These results turned back to about the normal control values after stopping the use of BPA and either taking a RP [group III] or receiving the SCE [group IV]

Conclusions and Recommendations: It could be concluded that BPA has dangerous toxic effects on the liver and kidney functions as well as on the lipids profile. So, we recommend minimizing utilization of this compound [BPA] as possible to protect people from these hazardous effects. Moreover, the RP [i.e., 15 days without treatment] is better than the use of SCE which has no more benefit against the antitoxic effects of BPA

potential protective effect of stem cell enhancer on chronic bisphenol-a treated female albino rats

Background: The xenoestrogen, bisphenol-A [BPA], is a worldwide food contaminant with endocrine disruptor activity that is incorporated in many plastic industries. The exposure of humans to such substances starts early during the fetal life, postnatal life and extends throughout the life of the individual. Many agencies raised warnings against the excessive use of these substances

Aim of the work: The present study was designed to determine if the usage of stem cell enhancer [SE] moderates the physiological changes occasioned by exposure to BPA in the female albino rats

Materials and Methods: This study was performed on thirty female albino rats with an average 100-120 g body weight. The animals were divided into three groups; Group I [Control untreated-group], Group II [bisphenol­A treated group] and Group III [treated group orally supplied with bisphenol ­A then treated with stem cell Enhancer [SE]]. Serum was separated and used for estimation of hormonal levels [estradiol, progesterone, prolactin [PRL], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]], some biochemical parameters [liver enzymes, kidney function, glucose and lipid profile] and CA-125 and CA 15-3 tumor markers

Results: The biochemical results showed marked significant increase [P<0.01] in the enzyme activities [aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT], alanine aminotransferase [ALAT] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]], urea and creatinine in bisphenol­A treated group when compared to the control group. These parameters were significantly reduced in the group treated with stem cell enhancer as compared to bisphenol ­A treated group. Decline in the concentration of lipid profile with increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL- C] levels in the stem cell treated group as compared to bisphenol-A group were observed. There was a significant elevation in prolactin, FSH and tumor marker levels concomitant with a significant reduction in LH levels in bisphenol-A treated group compared to the control group. These results were changed to values very close to control by using the stem cell enhancer

Conclusion: It could be concluded that bisphenol-A has dangerous effects on liver and kidney functions as well as on lipid profile, female hormones and tumor markers level. So, we recommended minimizing the utililizing of this compound and the use of some protective materials as stem cell enhancer to protect people from its hazardous effects

Effects of recovery period and Tamoxifen on Bisphenol a treated female albino rats

Background: Bisphenol-A [BPA] is an organic synthetic polycarbonate compound [[CH[3]]2 C[C[6]H[4]OH][2]] which is widely incorporated into many plastic industries worldwide. BPA is an endocrine disruptor that exhibits hormone-like properties which may promote adverse effects in humans, triggering estrogenic signals in target tissues, which raise concern about its suitability in some consumer products and food containers. Since 2008, several governments have investigated BPA safety, which prompted some retailers to withdraw polycarbonate products. A 2010 report from the United States [US] Food and Drug Administration [FDA] identified possible hazards of BPA to fetuses, infants, and young children. However, the FDA has ended its authorization of the use of BPA in baby bottles and infant formula packaging, based on market abandonment, not safety

Aim of the work: This study aimed to investigate the antitoxic effects of the anti-estrogen drug Tamoxifen [Nolvadex] and the recovery period on the female albino rats which received BPA

Materials and Methods: This study was performed on forty female albino rats with an average body weight of 140-160 grams. The animals were divided into four groups [10 rats per cage]; Group I [Control untreated for 30 days], Group II [BPA treated for 15 days, then sacrificed], Group III [BPA treated first for 15 days, then left to a recovery period of another 15 days], and Group IV [BPA treated first for 15 days, then treated with the anti-estrogen drug Nolvadex for another 15 days]. The following analyses were done to all groups; ALT [alanine amino-transferase], AST [aspartate amino-transferase], GGT [gamma glutamyl-transferase], total proteins, albumin, globulins, A/G ratio [i.e., liver function tests], creatinine, uric acid, A/C [albumin/creatinine] ratio [i.e., renal function tests], total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-C [low density lipoprotein cholesterol], HDL-C [high density lipoprotein cholesterol], and triglycerides [i.e., lipids profile]

Results: In the BPA treated group II the biochemical results showed highly significant increase [P<0.01] in the enzymatic activities of ALT, AST, and GGT with concomitant increase in globulins [P<0.05], creatinine, uric acid, total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides levels when compared to the control group. On the other hand, there was highly significant decrease [P<0.01] in total proteins, albumin, A/G [albumin/globulin] ratio, A/C [albumin/creatinine] ratio, and HDL-C levels when compared to the control group. These results turned back to normal control values after stopping the use of BPA alone [Group III] or stopping BPA and treatment with the anti-estrogen drug Nolvadex in the recovery period, except for ALT which was elevated [P<0.05] with Nolvadex [Group IV]

Conclusion: It could be concluded that BPA has dangerous toxic effects on the liver and kidney functions as well as on the lipids profile. Moreover, the recovery period [i.e., 15 days without treatment] is better than the use of the anti-estrogens [as Tamoxifen] which have no antitoxic effects to BPA, but caused hepatic toxicity instead which is noted by an increase in ALT levels. So, we recommend minimizing utilization of this compound [BPA] to protect people from its hazardous effects

Studies on the use of Aloe vera extract as a contraceptive in female rats

Background: The study on the natural herbal contraception has become one of the main interests of modern contraceptive studies. Herbs have been used by women since the beginning of time in an attempt to control their fertility. The development of new fertility regulating drugs derived from medicinal plants is an attractive proposition, Aloe Vera is a durable plant belonging to Sousanian family

Aim of the work: This work was assessed to evaluate the probable contraceptive effect of the aqueous extract of Aloe vera plant and its effect on the some vital organs in the female albino rats

Materials and Methods: This study was performed on twenty female albino rats with an average 120-140g body weight. The animals were divided into two groups [5 /cage]; Group I [Control untreated group] and Group II [Aloe vera group that supplied orally with 7 mg/kg body wt/day of the plant extract for 30 +/- 2 days].Results A prolonged proestrus and estrus phases of the estrous cycle were observed in the Aloe vera group .The mean serum level of estrogen [estradiol] was significantly increased in the Aloe vera group as compared to the control group [P<0.01] while non significant difference was found for serum level of progesterone and the tumor markers, CA15-3 and CA-125.The results also showed a marked decline [p<0.01] in levels of the serum calcium, creatinine, urea, total proteins, albumin, globulin and ratio of TC/HDL accompanied with a marked elevation [p<0.01] in the serum phosphorus, total lipid, TC, TG, HDL and LDL levels in the Aloe vera group in comparison with those of control group. However, levels of uric acid, AST, ALT, GGT, VLDL and ratios of LDL/HDL [risk factors] and A/G were approximately as that of the control group

Conclusion: It could be concluded that Aloe vera can be used as a contraceptive drug that can increase the estrogen level due to its phytoestrogen components such as beta sitosterol and without deleterious effects on the other vital organ [liver and kidney], however it's use is to be restricted with women suffering from low ca++level as well as osteoporosis

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Cleome Droserifolia [Samwah] in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus [DM] is a chronic disease caused by inherited or acquired deficiency in insulin secretion and by decreased responsiveness of the organs to the secreted insulin. Recently, some medicinal plants have been reported to be useful in diabetes treatment. Cleome droserifolia [Samwah] having a long history in Egyptian folk medicine for treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible antihyperglycemic property of Cleome droserifolia extract [CDE] and its antioxidant mechanism in alloxan induced diabetic rats. This study was performed on thirty male albino rats of Sprague Dawely strain with an average body weight of 100-110g. Animals were divided into three groups [ten/cage], control untreated group, diabetic group and diabetic group treated with plant extract that was given orally [28.5 mg/kg body wt. twice/ day]. Results showed marked decline in levels of serum insulin, body weight, total proteins, albumin, globulin and high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL]. These are accompanied with marked elevation in levels of fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, AST, ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, uric acid, serum total lipids [TL], total cholesterol [TC], triacylglycerols [TG], low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], very low density lipoprotein cholesterol [VLDL] and ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL [risk factors] in diabetic rats as compared to the corresponding controls. While the daily administration of diabetic rats with CDE showed significant amelioration in most of these parameters. It could be concluded that CDE treatment exerts a therapeutic protective nature in diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress and pancreatic beta-cells' damage which may be attributed to its antioxidative potential and antidiabetic property

possible hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of herbal mixture extraction in diabetic rats

The use of medicinal plants for management of diabetes mellitus is an old practice which has become even more relevant in modern perspective. The present work was designed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of five medicinal plants which used in folk medicine in Egypt especially in Sinai as hypoglycemic agents on the adult male diabetic rats. These plants are Cleome droserifolia [Samwah], Ambrosia maritima [Damsissa],Artemisia judaica [Shih kharasani], Chiliadenus montanus or Jasonia Montana [Neheda] and Artemisia annua [Kaysom]. Thirty male albino rats were divided equally into three groups including control, diabetic and diabetic treated with a mixture of aqueous extract. A single dose of alloxan [120 mg/kg body weight] was used to induce diabetes in rats. Diabetic rats were given plant mixture extract orally twice daily for 30 days [28.5 mg/kg body weight [b. wt.] twice/day]. There was a marked decline [p<0.01] in levels of serum insulin, body weight [4.98 %], total proteins, albumin, globulin and high density lipoproteins [HDL] accompanied with marked elevation [p<0.01] in levels of fasting blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA_IR], aspartate aminotransferase[ASAT], alanine aminotransferase [ALAT], gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT], urea, creatinine, uric acid, serum total lipids[TL], total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides TG, low density lipoproteins [LDL], and very low density lipoproteins[VLDL],risk ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL in diabetic rats as compared to the control rats. While administration of aqueous extract of plant mixture to alloxan diabetic rats significantly ameliorated the disturbed biochemical parameters. These results proved that this plant mixture extract has a significant hypoglycemic effect and ameliorating metabolic abnormalities induced by diabetes mellitus

Effect of noise and crowding related stress on serum level of cortisol ACTH, epinephrine and insulin in female albino rats

Noise and crowding are the most stressful factors for human beings.Study aimed to clarify their effect on cortisol, ACTH, epinephrine, insulin and the amelioration effectof Sulpiride. Thirty six female rats were divided into six groups [6/each]:1- Rats served as control, 2- Rats treated with Sulpiride drug, 3- Rats exposed to noise [90db, 3hr. perday] for 45 days. 4- Rats exposed to noise and treated with sulpiride drug, 5- Rats exposed tocrowding. 6- Rats exposed to noise and treated with Sulpiride drug. Noise and crowding stresses caused a significant increase of cortisol, ACTH and epinephrinewhile there was a significant decrease in insulin hormone. Sulpiride drug ameliorated theseparameters. it is useful to use Sulpiride drug with people who are exposing to noise and crowdingstress

Anti-diabetic effect of Artemisia annua [kaysom] in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Nowadays, herbal drugs are gaining popularity in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. The current study was aimed at evaluating the significance of supplementation of Artemisia annua [Kaysom] extract in reducing the metabolic abnormalities accompanied with alloxan-induced diabetes in male albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were divided equally into three groups including control, diabetic and diabetic treated with Kaysom extract. A single dose of alloxan [120 mg/kg body weight] was used to induce diabetes in rats. Diabetic rats were administered Kaysom extract orally twice daily for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, level of serum fasting insulin and glucose in addition to serum lipids profile such as total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high density lipoproteins [HDL], low density lipoproteins [LDL], and very low density lipoproteins[VLDL]; serum proteins including total proteins, albumin and globulin; renal markers [creatinine, urea and uric acid] and activity of certain enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase [ASAT], alanine aminotransferase [ALAT] and gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT] was determined for all groups. In. addition, estimation of% change of body weight, values of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] and ratios of albumin:globulin [A:G], TC/HDL, LDL/HDL [risk ratios 1 and2] were calculated for each group. Diabetic rats showed a marked decline [p<0.01] in the level of; serum insulin, body weight [4.98%], total proteins, albumin, globulin and HDL accompanied with marked elevation [p<0.01] in level of; fasting blood glucose, HOMA_IR, ASAT, ALAT, GGT, urea, creatinine, uric acid, serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL [risk factors] as compared to the corresponding of controls. Supplementation of diabetic rats with Kaysom extract significantly ameliorated most of the estimated biochemical parameters. These results demonstrate that Kaysom extract may be of advantage in inhibiting hyperglycemia and ameliorating metabolic abnormalities induced by diabetes

effects of Jasonia montana [neheda] on some biochemical and histological parameters of diabetic albino rats

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common and widely distributed metabolic diseases all over the world. This disease is characterized by hyperglycemia that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. In Asia, different medicinal plant species are used as a traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus e.g. Jasonia montana [Neheda] was one of these plants that was used in a mixture to treat diabetic patients long times ago. This work was aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of Jasonia montana [Neheda] on the alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats. This study was performed on thirty male albino rats with an average 100-110 g body weight. The animals were divided into three groups [10 /cage]; Group I [Control untreated group], Group II [Alloxan-induced diabetic group] and Group III [diabetic group treated orally with "28.5 mg/ kg body wt. twice/ day" of the plant extract]. The biochemical results showed marked decline [p<0.01] in levels of the serum insulin, body weight, total proteins, albumin, globulin and HDL accompanied with marked elevation [p<0.001] in the levels of fasting blood glucose, levels of HOMA_IR, AST, ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, uric acid, serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL [risk factors] in diabetic rats in comparison with the control group. Daily management of diabetic rates with aqueous extract of Neheda showed significant improvement in most of these parameters. Histologically, considerable improvement in the morphological changes that was observed in diabetic groups had been detected after treatment with Neheda in liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues in comparison to the control group. It could be concluded that Jasonia montana [Neheda] can be used as an antidiabetic drug that can lower blood glucose concentration and guard against the negative effects of diabetes

effects of Ambrosia maritime L. [damsissa] on some biochemical and histological parameters of diabetic albino rats

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common and widely distributed metabolic diseases all over the world. This disease is characterized by hyperglycemia that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Different medicinal plant species are used as a traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus e.g. Ambrosia maritima, L. [Damsissa] which is one of these plants that its extract was used to treat diabetic patients long times ago. This work was aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of Ambrosia maritima, L. [Damsissa] on the alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats. This study was performed on thirty male albino rats with an average 100-110 g body weight. The animals were divided into three groups [10 /cage]; Group I [Control untreated-group], Group II [Alloxan-induced diabetic group] and Group III [diabetic group treated orally with "28.5 mg/ kg body wt. twice/ day" of the plant extract]. The biochemical results showed marked decline [p<0.01] in the levels of the serum insulin, body weight, total proteins, albumin, globulin and HDL accompanied with marked elevation [p<0.001] in the levels of fasting blood glucose, levels of HOMA_IR, AST, ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, uric acid, serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and ratios of TC/HDL and LDL/HDL [risk factors] in diabetic rats in comparison with the control group. Daily management of the diabetic rates with aqueous extract of Damsissa showed significant improvement in most of these parameters. Histologically, considerable improvement in the morphological changes that was observed in diabetic groups had been detected after treatment with Damsissa in liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues in comparison to the control group. It could be concluded that Ambrosia maritima, L. [Damsissa] can be used as an antidiabetic drug that can lower blood glucose concentration and guard against the negative effects of diabetes

Effect of noise and crowding stresses on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and protective effect of sulpiride drug in adult female albino rats

Noise and crowding are the most stressful factors which cause depressant effects on human beings, especially females.Therfore this study was aimed at clarifying their effects on hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis hormones [luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], estrogen [E2]and progesterone as well as prolactin [PRL]and the possible protective effect of antidepressant drug;sulpiride. Sixty adult female rats were divided into six groups [10/each]: 1- Rats served as control, 2- Rats treated with sulpiride drug only, 3- Rats exposed to noise [90db, 3hr. per day] for 45 days, 4- Rats exposed to noise and treated with sulpiride drug, 5- Rats exposed to crowding and 6- Rats exposed to crowding and treated with sulpiride drug. Results: Noise and crowding stresses caused a significant decrease of estrogen [E2], progesterone [P], LH and FSH levels and high significant increase in PRL level. Sulpiride drug ameliorated these parameters changes except PRL level which showed a high significant level compared to control group. It is useful to use antidepressant drug [e.g. sulpiride] with people who are exposing to noise and crowding stress

Physiological and histopathological studies on bisphenol-a compound as xenoestrogen in male albino rats

Xenoestrogens are compounds like estrogens in effect but not in structure which are mimicking the action of endogenous estrogen and activate estrogen receptor. Xenoestrogens are chemically distinct industrial products potentially able to disrupt the endocrine system by mimicking the action of endogenous steroid hormones. Among such compounds, the ubiquitous environmental contaminants bisphenol-A [BPA] may promote adverse effects in humans triggering estrogenic signals in target tissues. Bisphenol- A is widely used in food and drinks packaging. The present study is carrying out to evaluate the effect of bisphenol-A on sexual hormonal pattern in male albino rats. 64 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats [100-120 g] were divided to four groups [16 rats/group].Group [1]: control group without any treatment. Group[2]: positive control group was injected subcutaneously [s.c] with sesame oil daily. Group [3]: received BPA daily with low dose [10 mg/kg/day s.c]. Group [4]: received BPA daily with high dose [30 mg/kg/day s.c]. The experiment durated 30 days, half rats of each group were sacrificed after 15 days of treatment and the other half of groups after 30 days. The blood was collected, serum was separated and used for estimation of [hormonal levels, prolactin, gonadotrophin and testosterone] and some biochemical parameters [liver enzymes, kidney function, protein and lipid profile]. Testis, liver and kidney were taken for the histopathological examination. Biochemical results showed significant elevation in prolactin and FSH levels and significant reduction in LH and testosterone levels in all groups compared to the control group. Increased serum enzymes [ASAT, ALATand ALP] levels with increased concentration of urea and creatinine were detected in all the treated groups compared to the control group. Decline in protein profile and elevation in the concentration of lipid profile, while HDL was decreased in all the treated groups. Histopathological results showed dystrophic changes in the form of congestion in the blood vessels of the testis, liver and kidney of rats with thickening of walls of the blood vessels especially in the testis. In liver, focal inflammatory areas, with dilated and congested central and portal veins were found. Vacuolar degenerative changes in hepatocytes were seen. In the kidney, mild nephritis, sclerotic changes in glomerular tuft, hyaline casts in the lumen of epithelial cells which lining convoluted tubule were noticed. From the previous results we concluded that bisphenol-A has dangerous effects on the testis, liver and kidney tissues. Also it disrupted sexual hormonal pattern and affect biochemical and lipid parameters. So, we recommended minimizing the utililizing of these compound to protect people from its hazardous effects

Hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extracts of lupinus albus, medicago sativa [seeds] and their mixture on diabetic rats

The number of people suffering diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. A huge number of populations in the world are entirely dependent on traditional medications. This practice may be due to their safety, effectiveness, and availability as well as their fewer side effects when compared to the synthetic hypoglycemic agents. The present study was carried out to investigate and compare the activity of Lupinus albus [seeds], Medicago sativa [seeds] and the mixture of both plants seeds on some biochemical, hematological and histological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-five male adult albino rats were divided into two groups: group 1: control group [five animals] and group 2: alloxan induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were further divided into four subgroups, five animals each. Subgroup1: diabetic untreated rats; subgroup 2: diabetic rates treated with aqueous extract of Lupinus albus seeds; subgroup 3: diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of Medicago sativa seeds; and finally subgroup 4: diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of the mixture of Lupinus albus and Medicago sativa seeds. After thirty days of treatment all rats were sacrificed, blood sample were collected to estimate some biochemical and hematological parameters. Liver samples were collected to determine their glycogen content and pancreatic samples were obtained and processed for microscopic and quantitative evaluation. In diabetic group, there was reduction in body weight's, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, significant increase in some parameters of liver and kidney functions as well as significant changes in lipids profile and proteins level with significant decreased liver glycogen content. All treated groups restored most of the mentioned parameters to their normal values. Moreover, these treatments recorded partial improvement in the histopathological changes produced by alloxan. The aqueous extract of Lupinus albus or Medicago sativa [seeds] or by their mixture has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects by increasing insulin level and decreasing insulin resistance. In addition, they ameliorate most complications of diabetes

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of balanites aegyptiaca seeds [aqueous extract] on diabetic rats

Type II diabetes mellitus is increasing health problems that negatively affect health care systems worldwide. There is a constant urge to develop new therapies with better effects, lower side effects at lower prices to treat this disease. Therefore, the present study carried out to investigate whether Balanites aegyptiaca [seeds] could treat the hyperglycemic, dislipidemic, liver, and kidney toxicity and the pancreatic damage in diabetic rats. Fifteen adult male albino rats were divided into two groups; group 1: control group, group 2: alloxan induced diabetic rats that divided into two subgroups; subgroup1: diabetic untreated rats, subgroup2: diabetic treated with aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca [seeds]. After thirty days of treatment, all rats were sacrificed. Blood sample were collected to estimate some hematological and biochemical parameters. Liver samples were collected to determine their glycogen content and pancreatic samples were obtained and processed for microscopic and quantitative evaluation of, alpha, beta and delta-cells number. Diabetic group recorded reduction in body weight's gained, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, significant increase in some parameters of liver and kidney functions, dislipidemia, changes in proteins level and decreased liver glycogen content. While, treatment with B. aegyptiaca [seeds] was ameliorated most of the toxic effects of alloxan and showed partially improvement in histological changes produced by alloxan. The aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca [seeds] has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic effects, increasing insulin level, and decreasing insulin resistance. Moreover, ameliorate the most complication associated with diabetes mellitus